Summary Of Lightbrown Spada s Text And Coelho Chapter...

1. Languages are learned mainly through imitation and practice. I agreed with this statement before reading Lightbrown Spada’s text and Coelho Chapter eight because I have been around many children and I always see a child doing what I thought was imitating what they see their parents doing or talking like their parents. Behaviorism was a theory of learning that was very influential in the 1940’s and 1950’s, in the United States. B. F. Skinner believed that through behaviorism language is learned through imitation and repetition. According to Lightbrown and Spada’s reading â€Å"Traditional behaviorists hypothesized that when children imitated the language produced by those around them, their attempts to reproduce what they heard received ‘positive reinforcement’. This could take the form of praise or just successful communication† (LS, 10). The problem with behaviorism is that imitation and practice alone cannot explain some of the forms created by children. Children are actively figuring out the rules of their languages and most language learning comes from receiving auditory or written comprehensible input. Reading Chapter eight in Coelho, she states that â€Å"Children are born with the physical ability to produce the sounds of any language, as their early babbling shows. At this stage, babies around the world sound alike. By the time they are a year old, however, infants have begun to restrict their language production to the sounds they hear around them. They imitate the

The Catastrophe That Is Commonwealth - 1693 Words

Alyssa Nolan PLSC 100 003 October 23, 2014 The Catastrophe that is Commonwealth According to the rules described by Hobbes in Leviathan, I would not like to live in a Commonwealth. The characteristics that discourage me from living in Hobbes’ Commonwealth are 1) the defense of a monarchy as the best constitution, 2) the exemption of the Sovereign from civil laws and social contract, and his or her intact human nature resulting from these exemptions 3) subjects’ restrictions to do things such as protest due to their covenant and 4) all who are not citizens are enemies. These characteristics differ immensely from the way in which my home country, The United States of America, operates. The first characteristic that I dispute is Hobbes defense of a monarchy as the best constitution. In doing so, he defends the total power of a single ruler, or Sovereign. A monarchy is defined by Hobbes as â€Å"when the representative is One man† (Hobbes 239). When an individual has absolute power, their personal interests can take precedence over the interest of the nation. â€Å"And though he be carefull in his politique Person to procure the common interest; yet he is more, or no lesse carefull to procure the private good of him-selfe, his family, kindred and friends; and for the most part, he preferrs the private: for the Passions of men, are commonly more potent than their reason† (Hobbes 241). In the case of a ruler favoring his or her over that of his people, subjects find themselvesShow MoreRelatedDerivatives: Futures Contract and Inc. Common Stock1040 Words   |  5 Pages  7. 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Diplomatic Immunity Essay Example For Students

Diplomatic Immunity Essay Diplomatic ImmunityINTRODUCTIONUnited Kingdom, 1982While unloading the ship which carried the embassys materials, one box markedhousehold effects dropped from a forklift. More than six hundred pounds ofmarijuana worth 500,000 British pounds (1982 prices) spilled dockside. For centuries governments have used ambassadors, and diplomats to representtheir nation. These special envoys have done everything from resolving years ofconflict, deciding on how much humanitarian relief will be sent to a nation, orjust being present at diplomatic dinners and ceremonies. These people have beenthe vital link between nations, and they have enjoyed complete immunity from thelaw of the host nation. Originally this immunity was extended as a courtesy toallow for an uneventful stay in the host country. While in a foreign country onofficial business, the diplomat would be granted exemption from arrest ordetention by local authorities; their actions not subject to civil or criminallaw. For the longest time this privilege produced little or no incidents. However, this unique position of freedom that diplomats, their family, and staffhave been graced with has not been so ideal. Recently the occurrences of abusefor personal or national gain has grown out of proportion. What once protectedthe diplomat and his staff from parking tickets and some differing social laws,now grants them protection under the law to commit crimes such as drugtrafficking, kidnapping, rape, and murder. Even though serious crimes are rareand punishable to various extents in most countries, domestic authorities wereforced to look the other way. While it would be convenient to believe that thesix hundred pounds of marijuana was sent for personal consumption at the embassy,it is evident a small drug trafficking ring was being protected under the guiseof diplomatic immunity. HISTORY/DESCRIPTIONThe international community has tried to develop a universally accepted set ofnorms governing the conduct and privileges of diplomats abroad. These fewArticles from the convention show the good faith of the convention:Article 29: Diplomats are inviolable; exempt from any arrest/detention. Article 31: Diplomats are exempt from criminal jurisdiction, they can be triedonly if immunity is waived. Article 32: Only the sending country can waive immunityArticle 41: Diplomats should still respect the laws and regulations of the hoststate. Baring few changes, the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations remainsthe basis for interaction between states. This convention tackles the problem bydividing the privileges of immunity into four classes. The diplomat and hisfamily enjoy complete immunity. They cannot be arrested, detained or taxed. They do not fall into the realm of jurisdiction of the host country. Furtherthey cannot be asked to stand trial or submit to having their possessionssearched. The diplomatic staff are granted these same rights while performingofficial diplomatic business. Private servants have only been granted immunityfrom taxation. The privilege of complete immunity allows for the use of thediplomatic pouch. This not an actual pouch, rather it is the power to declareany belongings off limits. The crate being removed from the ship (above story)was considered diplomatic pouch. The introduction of the term diplomatic pouch; brings us to one of the majorproblems with the standards regarding conduct of diplomats. Originally theconcept of diplomatic pouch was used to permit secrecy on official visits byforeign staff. This policy of ultimate secrecy becomes important when diplomatsare venturing into unfriendly territory. Further, an explicit trust is grantedto the diplomats to allow for free communication between the diplomat and theirsending country. However this gracious offer of trust allows for easy abuse. ABritish foreign affairs committee declared, The only way, in fact, to find outif diplomatic bags contain prohibited items would be to drop them whileunloading them from the aircraft and hope that they would split open (FirstReport of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons, p. 617). Career Oportunities EssayThe Israeli was released and nothing was done. North Koreans were caught smuggling marijuana in Oslo, Helsinki, and Copenhagenin 1976. Earlier officials had been detected carrying 400 kilos of hashish intoCairo. In all of these occurrences nothing could be done because of diplomaticimmunity. The abuses of immunity are becoming increasingly worse. While functionalnecessity is a valid argument, a solution to the problem is needed. CURRENT STATUSThe current status of diplomatic immunity has been constant since the originaldraft of the Vienna Convention in 1961. On the twenty-fifth anniversary of theVienna Convention, the Legal Committee of the General Assembly reported thatthey were satisfied with the convention as it stood (A/RES/41/79). In 1989 theLegal Committee decided to examine the courier and his status. Experts werebrought in at the next session to informally discuss the individual clauses andanswer questions. Again the final response was that everything was acceptable(A/RES/45/43). The closest the United Nations has come to re-examining theentire convention was in 1985, when a opinion was drafted explaining thetechnicalities. (A/CN.4/SER.A/1985/Add.1( Part 2)) The United Nations hasrecognized the problem, but there currently remains no solution. Solutions have been formally discussed yet no amicable resolution has beenproduced. Two ideas that have been discussed are based on the idea of insurance. The first theory proposes that a diplomat and the staff must buy an insurancepolicy. The second theory proposes a claims fund. Both theories allow countriesto have a way to remunerate those who have suffered from criminal acts but itstill does not insure the bringing to justice of the alleged perpatrator. The most popular idea is the creation of a permanent international diplomaticcourt. Ideally the alleged would be brought to answer for the crime in front ofhis peers. However a myriad of problems arise. First, you must be able to bringthe accused to the court to answer for the crime. Second, you must form a jurycomposed of enough countries to prevent a bias. Third you must account for adrastic difference in the underlying fabric of each countries values. Fourth andprobably the hardest problem to deal with is the maintenance of theinfrastructure needed to support this international court. Or in short who isgoing to pay for it? The United States has tried to change the situation at home. In 1987 the Senate passed a resolution making it a felony for anyone with adiplomatic immunity to use a firearm to commit a felony, with the exception ofself-defense. Nonetheless, a solution should be produced by the wholeinternational community. COMMITTEE MISSIONYour mission is to solve some of the problems that diplomatic immunity haspresented. As you know you must gather a majority to pass the resolution, so Iwill pass on a few tips and some questions you should consider. You mustremember that sovereignty is basis for the United Nations. Therefore noresolution can violate the sovereignty of a nation. All resolutions shouldaspire to solve the problem and attempt to please all the parties directly andindirectly involved with the problem. History